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THE SCIENCE

There is a plethora of science behind the functional ageing process and the nutritional science of the ageing population. The listings depicted include some of the papers that substantiate our evidence based formulations. This listing is by no means exhaustive and is updated as new published studies become available.

Food Preparation

  1. Abbott, R. A., Whear, R., Thompson-Coon, J., Ukoumunne, O. C., Rogers, M., Bethel, A., Hemsley, A., & Stein, K. (2013). Effectiveness of mealtime interventions on nutritional outcomes for the elderly living in residential care: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Research Reviews, 12(4), 967-981. https://doi.org/10.1016/k.arr/2013.06.002

  2. Agarwal, E., Marshall, S., Miller, M., & Isenring, E. (2016). Optimising nutrition in residential aged care: A narrative review. Maturitas, 92, 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.06.013

  3. Aged Care Quality Standards, 2019. Aged care quality and safety Standards commission, Commonwealth of Australia. https://www.agedcarequality.gov.au/sites/default/files/media/Aged%20Care%20Quality%20Standards.pdf 

  4. Amarya S, Singh K, Sabharwal M. Changes during aging and their association with malnutrition. J Clin Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;6(3):78-84.

  5. Arjuna T, Luscombe-Marsh N, Lange K, Kang A, Edwards C, Reid S, et al. Changes in body weight and nutritional status in South Australian nursing home residents. Journal Nursing Home Res 2016; 2:97-103.

  6. Antonic B, Jancikova S, Dordevic D and Tremlova B. Apple Pomace as food fortification ingredient. A systematic review and meta analysis. Journal of Food Science. 2020;85(10):2977-2985. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.15449. Epub 2020 Sep 23.

  7. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) 2018. Older Australia at a glance. Cat. no. AGE 87. Canberra: AIHW. Viewed 1st October 2020 https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/older-people/older-australia-at-a-glance

  8.  Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) 2019. Health Expenditure Australia 2017-19. Health and welfare expenditure series no65. Canberra.

  9. Australian and New Zealand Society for Geriatric Medicine. Under-nutrition and the older person. Position statement no. 6, revised 2007.

  10. Bailey A, Bailey S & Bernoth M (2017). ‘I’d rather die happy’: residents’ experiences with food regulations, risk and food choice in residential aged care. A qualitative study. Contemporary Nurse, 53(6), pp. 567 – 606.

  11. Bartl, R and Bunney, C 2015, ‘Best Practice Food and Nutrition Manual for Aged Care Homes Edition 2.1’, Central Coast Local Health District. Viewed 2 October 2020,

https://www.cclhd.health.nsw.gov.au/wpcontent/uploads/BestPracticeFoodandNutritionManualforAgedCareEdition2.1.pdf

  1. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz-Jentoft AJ,  Morley JE, Phillips S,  Sieber C,  Stehle P, Teta D, Visvanathan R, Volpi E and  Boirie Y. (2013) Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group. JAMDA 14: 542-559

  2. Beck, A. M., & Damkjaer, K. (2008). Optimal body mass index in a nursing home population. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 12(9), 675-677. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03008281

  3. Bharadwaj, S., Ginoya, S., Tandon, P., Gohel, T. D., Guirguis, J., Vallabh, H., Jevenn, A., & Hanouneh, I. (2016). Malnutrition: Laboratory markers vs nutritional assessment. Gastroenterology Report, 4(4), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/gow013

  4. Burns, J 2016, ‘Patient safety and hydration in the care of older people’, Nursing Older People, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 21-4, viewed 23 April 2018.

  5. Carrier, N., West, G. E., & Ouellet, D. (2009). Dining experience, foodservices and staffing are associated with quality of life in elderly nursing home residents. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 13(6), 565-570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-009-0108-8

  6. Cavazzana, A., Rohrborn, A., Garthus-Niegel, Larsson, M. Hummel, T. and Croy, I. (2018) Sensory-specific impairment among older people. An investigation using both sensory thresholds and subjective measures across the five senses. PLoS One, 2018. 13(8)

  7. Cave DP, Abbey KL & Capra SM (2019). Can foodservices in aged care homes deliver sustainable food fortification strategies? A review. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 71(3), pp. 267 – 275.

  8. Commonwealth of Australia. (2020). Cairns hearing to focus on food and nutrition, care quality. https://agedcare.royalcommission.gov.au/news/Pages/media-releases/cairns-hearing-to-focus-on-food-and-nutrition-care-quality.aspx

  9. Crogan, N. L., Alvine, C., & Pasvogel, A. (2008). Improving nutrition care for nursing home residents using the INRx process. Journal of Nutrition for the Elderly, 24(3-4), 89-103. https://doi.org/10.1300/J052v25n0307

  10. Department of Health. (2019). Types of aged care. https://www.health.gov.au/health-topics/aged-care/about-aged-care/types-of-aged-care

  11. Dietitians Association of Australia. (2019). Royal commission into aged care quality and safety. https://daa.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/DAA_Royal-Commission-Aged-Care_Mar-2019_Final.pdf.

  12. Donaldson, A. I., Smith, T. O., Alder, S., Johnstone, A. M., Roos, B. D., Aucott, L. S., Gordon, A. L., & Myint, P. K. (2019). Effect of nonmeat, high-protein supplementation on quality of life and clinical outcomes in older residents of care homes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 77(2), 116-127. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy061

  13. Dunne JL & Dahl WJ (2007). A novel solution is needed to correct low nutrient intakes in elderly long-term care residents. Nutr Rev, 65(3), pp. 135-138.

  14. Flood, V.M., et al., Prevalence of low serum folate and vitamin B12 in an older Australian population. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 2006. 30(1): p. 38-41.

  15. Frank, M., Sivagnanaratnam, A., & Bernstein, J. (2015). Nutritional assessment in elderly care: A MUST. British Medical Journal Open Quality, 4(1), u204810-w2931. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjquality.u204810.w2031

  16. Giezenaar, C., Chapman, I., Luscombe-Marsh, N., Feinle-Bisset, C., Horowitz, M. and Soenen, S. (2016) Ageing is associated with decreases in appetite and energy intake – A Meta-Analysis in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 2016, 8:28.

  17. Hugo C, Isenring E, Miller M, Marshall S (2018). Cost-effectiveness of food, supplement and environmental interventions to address malnutrition in residential aged care: a systematic review. Age Ageing, 47(3), pp. 356-366.

  18. Keller, U. (2019). Nutritional laboratory markers in malnutrition. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(6), 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060775

  19. Kostka, J., Borowiak, E., & Kostka, T. (2014). Nutritional status and quality of life in different populations of older people in Poland. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68(11), 1210-1215. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2014.172*

  20. Miles A, Watt T, Wong W-Y, McHutchinson L & Friary P (2016). Complex feeding decisions: perceptions of staff, patients, and their families in the inpatient hospital setting. Gerontol Geriatr Med, 2, pp. 1-7.

  21. Miller SL, Wolfe RR. The danger of weight loss in the elderly. The journal of nutrition, health & aging. 2008;12(7):487-91.

  22. Montgomery SC, Streit SM, Beebe ML and Maxwell PJ (2014) Micronutrient needs of the elderly, Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2014;29;435-444.

  23. Paddon-Jones, D. and H. Leidy, Dietary protein and muscle in older persons. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2014. 17(1): p. 5-11.

  24. Palese A, Grassetti L, Bandera D, Zuttion R, Ferrario B, Ponta S, Hayter M & Watson R (2018). High feeding dependence prevalence in residents living in Italian nursing homes requires new policies: Findings from a regionally based cross-sectional study. Health Policy, 122(3), pp. 301-308.

  25. Pezzana A, Cereada E, Avagnina P, Malfi G, Paiola E, Frighi Z, Capizzi I, Sgnaolin E & Amerio ML (2015). Nutritional care needs in elderly residents of long-term care institutions: potential implications for policies. J Nutr Health Aging, 19(9), pp. 847-954.

  26. Parsons, E. L., Stratton, R. J., Cawood, A. L., Smith, T. R., & Elia, M. (2017). Oral nutritional supplements in a randomised trial are more effective than dietary advice at improving quality of life in malnourished care home residents. Clinical Nutrition, 36(1), 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.002*

  27. Rondanelli, M., Klersy, C., Terracol, G., Talluri, J., Maugeri, R., Guido, D., Faliva, M. A., Solerte, B. S., Fioravanti, M., Lukaski, H., & Perna, S. (2016). Whey protein, amino acids, and vitamin D supplementation with physical activity increases fat-free mass and strength, functionality, and quality of life and decreases inflammation in sarcopenic elderly. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 103(3), 830-840. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.113357

  28. Salminen, K. S., Suominen, M. H., & Pitkala, K. H. (2020). Associations between nutritional status, frailty and health-related quality of life among older long-term care residents in Helsinki. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 24(3), 319-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-019-1320-9*

  29. Salminen, K. S., Suominen, M. H., Kautiainen, H., Roitto, H. M., & Pitkala, K. H. (2019). Energy intake and severity of dementia are both associated with health-related quality of life among older long-term care residents. Nutrients, 11(1), 2261. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102261*

  30. Sossen L, Bonham M, & Porter J (2020). Does a high-energy high-protein diet reduce unintentional weight loss in residential aged care residents? Journal of Nutrition in Gerontology and Geriatrics, 39(1), pp. 56-68.

  31. Sossen L, Bonham M and Porter. Can fortified, nutrient dense and enriched foods and drink based nutrition interventions increase energy and protein intak in residential aged care residents ? A Systematic review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2021; 124. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104088. Epub 2021 Sep 8.PMID: 34717275 

  32. Stange, I., Bartra, M., Liao, Y., Poeschl, K., Kolpatzik, S., Uter W., Sieber, C. C., Stehle, P., & Volkert, D. (2013). Effects of a low-volume, nutrient- and energy-dense oral nutritional supplement on nutritional and functional status: A randomized, controlled trial in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(8), 628e1-628e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.011*

  33. Taylor, P. and Luscombe Marsh. N. (2016) Protein - The Aged Challenge. Food Australia 18-21.

  34. Thillainadesan J,  Scott IA,  Le Couteur DG. Frailty, a multisystem ageing syndrome Age and Ageing, Volume 49, Issue 5, September 2020, Pages 758–763.

  35. Vikstedt T, Suominen MH, Joki A, Muurinen S, Soini H, Pitkala KH. Nutritional status, energy, protein, and micronutrient intake of older service house residents. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2011;12(4):302-7.

  36. Visvanathan R, Chapman IM. Undernutrition and anorexia in the older person. Gastroenterology clinics of North America. 2009;38(3):393-409.

  37. Visvanathan R, Macintosh C, Callary M, Penhall R, Horowitz M,Chapman I. (2003) The nutritional status of 250 older Australian recipients of domiciliary care services and its association with outcomes at 12 months. Journal of American Geriatric Society.2003; 51: 1007

  38. Yousefi S, Kavyanirad M, Aminifar M, Weisany W. and Mousavi Khaneghah A. yoghurt fortification by microencapsulation of betr0ot extract (Beta Vulgarisl L) unsing maltodextrin, gum Arabic and whey protein isolate. Food Science and Nutrition. 2022; 10(60):1975-1887. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.2804. eCollection 2022 Jun.PMID: 3570228

  39. Agarwal, E., Marshall, S., Miller, M., & Isenring, E. (2016). Optimising nutrition in residential aged care: A narrative review. Maturitas, 92, 70-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.06.013

  40. Amarya S, Singh K, Sabharwal M. Changes during aging and their association with malnutrition. J Clin Gerontol Geriatr. 2015;6(3):78-84.

  41. Arjuna T, Luscombe-Marsh N, Lange K, Kang A, Edwards C, Reid S, et al. Changes in body weight and nutritional status in South Australian nursing home residents. Journal Nursing Home Res 2016; 2:97-103.

  42. Antonic B, Jancikova S, Dordevic D and Tremlova B. Apple Pomace as food fortification ingredient. A systematic review and meta analysis. Journal of Food Science. 2020;85(10):2977-2985. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.15449. Epub 2020 Sep 23.

  43. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz-Jentoft AJ,  Morley JE, Phillips S,  Sieber C,  Stehle P, Teta D, Visvanathan R, Volpi E and  Boirie Y. (2013) Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group. JAMDA 14: 542-559.

  44. Bharadwaj, S., Ginoya, S., Tandon, P., Gohel, T. D., Guirguis, J., Vallabh, H., Jevenn, A., & Hanouneh, I. (2016). Malnutrition: Laboratory markers vs nutritional assessment. Gastroenterology Report, 4(4), 272-280. https://doi.org/10.1093/gastro/gow013

  45. Dietitians Association of Australia. (2019). Royal commission into aged care quality and safety. https://daa.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/DAA_Royal-Commission-Aged-Care_Mar-2019_Final.pdf.

  46. Donaldson, A. I., Smith, T. O., Alder, S., Johnstone, A. M., Roos, B. D., Aucott, L. S., Gordon, A. L., & Myint, P. K. (2019). Effect of nonmeat, high-protein supplementation on quality of life and clinical outcomes in older residents of care homes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 77(2), 116-127. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy061

  47. Dunne JL & Dahl WJ (2007). A novel solution is needed to correct low nutrient intakes in elderly long-term care residents. Nutr Rev, 65(3), pp. 135-138.

  48. Flood, V.M., et al., Prevalence of low serum folate and vitamin B12 in an older Australian population. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 2006. 30(1): p. 38-41.

  49. Giezenaar, C., Chapman, I., Luscombe-Marsh, N., Feinle-Bisset, C., Horowitz, M. and Soenen, S. (2016) Ageing is associated with decreases in appetite and energy intake – A Meta-Analysis in Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 2016, 8:28

  50. Hugo C, Isenring E, Miller M, Marshall S (2018). Cost-effectiveness of food, supplement and environmental interventions to address malnutrition in residential aged care: a systematic review. Age Ageing, 47(3), pp. 356-366.

  51. Keller, U. (2019). Nutritional laboratory markers in malnutrition. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(6), 775. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060775

  52. Miller SL, Wolfe RR. The danger of weight loss in the elderly. The journal of nutrition, health & aging. 2008;12(7):487-91.

  53. Montgomery SC, Streit SM, Beebe ML and Maxwell PJ (2014) Micronutrient needs of the elderly, Nutrition in Clinical Practice 2014;29;435-444.

  54. Paddon-Jones, D. and H. Leidy, Dietary protein and muscle in older persons. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2014. 17(1): p. 5-11.

  55. Pezzana A, Cereada E, Avagnina P, Malfi G, Paiola E, Frighi Z, Capizzi I, Sgnaolin E & Amerio ML (2015). Nutritional care needs in elderly residents of long-term care institutions: potential implications for policies. J Nutr Health Aging, 19(9), pp. 847-954.

  56. Parsons, E. L., Stratton, R. J., Cawood, A. L., Smith, T. R., & Elia, M. (2017). Oral nutritional supplements in a randomised trial are more effective than dietary advice at improving quality of life in malnourished care home residents. Clinical Nutrition, 36(1), 134-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2016.01.002*

  57. Rondanelli, M., Klersy, C., Terracol, G., Talluri, J., Maugeri, R., Guido, D., Faliva, M. A., Solerte, B. S., Fioravanti, M., Lukaski, H., & Perna, S. (2016). Whey protein, amino acids, and vitamin D supplementation with physical activity increases fat-free mass and strength, functionality, and quality of life and decreases inflammation in sarcopenic elderly. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 103(3), 830-840. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.113357

  58. Sossen L, Bonham M and Porter. Can fortified, nutrient dense and enriched foods and drink based nutrition interventions increase energy and protein intak in residential aged care residents ? A Systematic review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2021; 124. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.104088. Epub 2021 Sep 8.PMID: 34717275 

  59. Stange, I., Bartra, M., Liao, Y., Poeschl, K., Kolpatzik, S., Uter W., Sieber, C. C., Stehle, P., & Volkert, D. (2013). Effects of a low-volume, nutrient- and energy-dense oral nutritional supplement on nutritional and functional status: A randomized, controlled trial in nursing home residents. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(8), 628e1-628e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.011*

  60. Taylor, P. and Luscombe Marsh. N. (2016) Protein - The Aged Challenge. Food Australia 18-21.

  61. Yousefi S, Kavyanirad M, Aminifar M, Weisany W. and Mousavi Khaneghah A. yoghurt fortification by microencapsulation of betr0ot extract (Beta Vulgarisl L) unsing maltodextrin, gum Arabic and whey protein isolate. Food Science and Nutrition. 2022; 10(60):1975-1887. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.2804. eCollection 2022 Jun.PMID: 3570228

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